{"id":3845,"date":"2026-07-06T06:21:11","date_gmt":"2026-07-06T06:21:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/?p=3845"},"modified":"2026-10-13T16:07:00","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T16:07:00","slug":"what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/","title":{"rendered":"Sperm Test (Semen Analysis): Procedure, Normal Values, and Results"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Semen analysis (spermiogram) is the most fundamental laboratory analysis that measures the number of sperm cells in semen, their forward movement ability, and cellular structural quality in order to evaluate the potential to have a baby. This test is performed in specially designed, quiet rooms within a clinical environment where privacy and hygiene are protected at the highest level, by providing a sample into a sterile container through masturbation. The obtained fluid is delivered directly to the laboratory and carefully examined under advanced microscopes. This examination, which directly reflects the prospective father&#8217;s reproductive capacity through scientific data, reveals the most reliable medical roadmap for planning a healthy pregnancy process.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_89 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #ffffff;color:#ffffff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #ffffff;color:#ffffff\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#How_Is_Suspected_Infertility_Evaluated_Before_a_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram\" >How Is Suspected Infertility Evaluated Before a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#How_Should_Patients_Prepare_for_a_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram\" >How Should Patients Prepare for a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#Under_What_Conditions_Should_a_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Sample_Be_Provided\" >Under What Conditions Should a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) Sample Be Provided?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#How_Can_a_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Sample_Be_Collected_in_Difficult_Situations\" >How Can a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) Sample Be Collected in Difficult Situations?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#What_Is_Examined_First_in_the_Laboratory_During_a_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram\" >What Is Examined First in the Laboratory During a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#Why_Is_the_Chemical_Structure_of_Semen_Important_in_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Results\" >Why Is the Chemical Structure of Semen Important in Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) Results?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#Which_Cellular_Characteristics_Are_Examined_Under_the_Microscope_With_a_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram\" >Which Cellular Characteristics Are Examined Under the Microscope With a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#What_Do_Shape_Abnormalities_Morphology_Mean_in_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Reports\" >What Do Shape Abnormalities (Morphology) Mean in Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) Reports?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#What_Are_the_Common_Tail_and_Head_Abnormalities_Seen_in_a_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram\" >What Are the Common Tail and Head Abnormalities Seen in a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#How_Are_Cell_Vitality_and_Immune_Factors_Interpreted_in_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Results\" >How Are Cell Vitality and Immune Factors Interpreted in Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) Results?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#Which_Advanced_Examinations_May_Be_Required_After_a_Normal_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram\" >Which Advanced Examinations May Be Required After a Normal Semen Analysis (Spermiogram)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#What_Is_Done_When_No_Sperm_Is_Found_in_a_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Known_as_Azoospermia\" >What Is Done When No Sperm Is Found in a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram), Known as Azoospermia?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#How_Is_Varicocele_Treatment_Applied_in_Abnormal_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Parameters\" >How Is Varicocele Treatment Applied in Abnormal Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) Parameters?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#How_Can_Duct_Obstructions_Affecting_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Results_Be_Opened\" >How Can Duct Obstructions Affecting Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) Results Be Opened?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#With_Which_Methods_Is_Sperm_Searched_for_in_Cases_of_Nonobstructive_Azoospermia\" >With Which Methods Is Sperm Searched for in Cases of Nonobstructive Azoospermia?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#Which_Supplements_Can_Be_Used_to_Improve_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Values\" >Which Supplements Can Be Used to Improve Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) Values?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/what-is-a-sperm-test-spermiogram-how-is-a-sperm-test-performed\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions\" >Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Is_Suspected_Infertility_Evaluated_Before_a_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram\"><\/span>How Is Suspected Infertility Evaluated Before a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram)?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>For couples who set out with the desire to have a baby, the waiting period may sometimes require patience. Failure to achieve pregnancy for one year despite regular sexual activity without using any form of contraception may raise suspicion of infertility. In such a situation, evaluating not only the prospective mother but also the prospective father simultaneously is highly important for understanding the source of the problem. The urological evaluation process does not consist only of test results; it also covers a broad spectrum that includes the patient&#8217;s overall medical history.<\/p>\n<p>At the very beginning of the process, the patient&#8217;s general health status, lifestyle, and past illnesses are discussed in detail. In addition to physical characteristics such as age, weight, and height, subjects such as the partner&#8217;s age, whether a pregnancy has previously been achieved, and whether there are individuals in the family who have experienced similar difficulties are addressed. The subsequent physical examination is necessary to evaluate the anatomical structure of the reproductive organs. The size and structure of the testicles and whether they are located in their normal position are checked. In addition, the condition of the sperm ducts and the presence of varicocele, which refers to enlarged veins in the scrotal sac, are examined manually. All these findings are brought together, combined with laboratory results, and used to create an overall health map.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Should_Patients_Prepare_for_a_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram\"><\/span>How Should Patients Prepare for a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram)?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>For the analysis performed in the laboratory environment to provide values that are as close to reality as possible, the patient is expected to follow certain rules before the test. The basic steps to consider during the preparation process are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sexual abstinence for two to seven days<\/li>\n<li>Avoiding alcohol consumption<\/li>\n<li>Limiting excessive caffeine intake<\/li>\n<li>Avoiding strenuous physical exercise<\/li>\n<li>Reporting recent febrile illnesses<\/li>\n<li>Reporting regularly used medications<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The most critical item on this list is the period of sexual abstinence. This specified range of days is not made up of randomly selected numbers. If sexual abstinence is shorter than two days, the number and fluid volume may appear artificially low in the test results because the body has not yet completed sufficient cellular production. On the other hand, exceeding seven days is also undesirable. Cells that remain waiting for a long time begin to lose their ability to move, show signs of structural aging, and this may lead to incorrect interpretation of the results. Therefore, providing the sample within the specified time interval increases the reliability of the result.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Under_What_Conditions_Should_a_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Sample_Be_Provided\"><\/span>Under What Conditions Should a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) Sample Be Provided?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The process of providing a sample for this test may be considered stressful or uncomfortable by many people. To make this situation as comfortable as possible, clinics provide private, quiet, and clean rooms where privacy is protected. The sample is generally obtained through masturbation, and the patient is given special sterile plastic containers suitable for body temperature by the laboratory.<\/p>\n<p>Avoiding certain external factors while providing the sample is very important for the accuracy of the result. Lubricating creams, soap, shower gel, or standard condoms must not be used under any circumstances. The chemical substances contained in such products may create toxic effects on sperm cells, instantly stopping their movement or damaging their structure. At the same time, all of the fluid released from the body, particularly the first portions, must be collected in the container. The first portions are the richest sections in terms of cellular concentration. If these portions cannot be collected in the container and are spilled outside, repeating the test would be a much healthier approach.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Can_a_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Sample_Be_Collected_in_Difficult_Situations\"><\/span>How Can a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) Sample Be Collected in Difficult Situations?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Sometimes it may not be possible to provide a sample through standard methods due to intense stress, psychological pressure, or other underlying physical conditions. This is an entirely human and medically common situation. Alternative methods that may be used to facilitate the process in such moments are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The partner accompanying the process<\/li>\n<li>Oral erectile-support medications<\/li>\n<li>Local medication injections applied to the penis<\/li>\n<li>Use of medical vibrator devices<\/li>\n<li>Electroejaculation systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the problem is only psychological tension caused by the environment, support from the spouse may have a relaxing effect. If there is a physical difficulty in achieving an erection, certain pills prescribed under physician supervision or local medication applications administered with very fine needles may facilitate the process. In individuals with spinal cord injury, paralysis, or similar neurological loss, medical devices come into play because neural transmission cannot be fully achieved. Devices that produce vibrations at special frequencies or equipment that creates reflex stimulation through electrical current allow these patients to provide samples comfortably as well.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_Examined_First_in_the_Laboratory_During_a_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram\"><\/span>What Is Examined First in the Laboratory During a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram)?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The sample that reaches the laboratory is not immediately placed under the microscope; first, its physical characteristics that can be evaluated with the naked eye are examined. The fluid, which has a thick and gel-like consistency when first expelled from the body, is expected to liquefy within approximately half an hour after being kept at room temperature or in special ovens (incubators). This process is called liquefaction. Completion of liquefaction is necessary for the cells to move freely under the microscope. Sometimes liquefaction may not occur even after one hour. In this case, laboratory specialists may need to accelerate the process mechanically or add certain special enzymes.<\/p>\n<p>Following liquefaction, consistency (viscosity) is checked. An ideal fluid should stretch to a certain length and then break when a glass rod is inserted and withdrawn. If the fluid has a very sticky and excessively stretchy consistency resembling honey, this may indicate the presence of a hidden infection in the reproductive ducts. Excessive thickness is one of the obstacles that physically makes it difficult for sperm to swim forward.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Is_the_Chemical_Structure_of_Semen_Important_in_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Results\"><\/span>Why Is the Chemical Structure of Semen Important in Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) Results?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Not only the physical appearance of the sample but also the chemical components it contains reveal a great deal about overall reproductive health. The basic biochemical characteristics evaluated are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pH level<\/li>\n<li>Osmolality values<\/li>\n<li>Fructose amount<\/li>\n<li>Zinc level<\/li>\n<li>Citric acid ratio<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The slightly alkaline pH value of the fluid, generally between 7.2 and 8.0, acts as a shield protecting the cells against the naturally acidic structure of the female reproductive system. If this value is much lower than normal, it may be considered that the reproductive ducts are developmentally incomplete or that the glands do not produce sufficient secretions. Osmolality refers to the density balance of the fluid; when this balance is disrupted, the tail structures of the cells may be damaged. Fructose is the essential fuel that provides the energy needed for the cells&#8217; long journey. Zinc and citric acid are included in test reports as indicators of how healthily the prostate gland is functioning.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Which_Cellular_Characteristics_Are_Examined_Under_the_Microscope_With_a_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram\"><\/span>Which Cellular Characteristics Are Examined Under the Microscope With a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram)?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The sample that has passed through the preliminary preparation stages is now ready for microscopic examination. A very small drop of fluid is placed on special glass slides and examined at high magnification. At this stage, not only the number of cells but also their motility is observed with great care. In evaluations generally performed under the guidance of international standards, the total fluid volume, the number of cells per milliliter, and the total cell count are expected to be above certain lower limits.<\/p>\n<p>Motility may be even more important than count in terms of pregnancy potential. It is not enough for a cell merely to move; it must find its direction and swim forward toward the target. Cells that spin around themselves or vibrate in place may not have a chance of reaching the egg. In addition, in some cases, moving or nonmoving cells may adhere to one another or to other cellular debris in the environment and form clusters (aggregation), which is also an undesirable finding. Specialists count hundreds of cells one by one under the microscope and report the overall motility rate with great care.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Do_Shape_Abnormalities_Morphology_Mean_in_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Reports\"><\/span>What Do Shape Abnormalities (Morphology) Mean in Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) Reports?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>For a sperm cell to reach and fertilize the egg, it must have an almost perfect aerodynamic structure. Shape characteristics, namely morphology, are evaluated according to highly detailed criteria known as Kruger criteria. In this examination, the cells are stained with special dyes, and the head, neck (midpiece), and tail structures are examined separately under the microscope. According to generally accepted standards, it may be considered normal even if only a small percentage of the hundreds of cells examined meet these strict morphological criteria.<\/p>\n<p>The head of an ideal cell should have a smooth, oval structure. At the front of the head is a cap-like section (acrosome) containing enzymes that help penetrate the egg membrane. The midpiece connecting the head and tail should extend in a straight line and be structurally strong because it contains the motors that generate energy. The tail should be long, thin, and free of bends so that the cell can move comfortably through the fluid. Any imbalance in proportion or deformity in these structural sections may make it more difficult for the cell to reach its target.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Are_the_Common_Tail_and_Head_Abnormalities_Seen_in_a_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram\"><\/span>What Are the Common Tail and Head Abnormalities Seen in a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram)?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There are many different types of morphological abnormalities reported by laboratory specialists during morphological examinations. Some structural abnormalities frequently encountered in reports are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Short tail<\/li>\n<li>Long tail<\/li>\n<li>Stubby tail<\/li>\n<li>Thick tail<\/li>\n<li>Coiled tail<\/li>\n<li>Ring-shaped tail<\/li>\n<li>Round spermatid<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These structural defects directly affect the function of the cell. For example, in a cell with a short tail, propulsion cannot usually be generated because the internal motor skeleton is also deficient. Cells with a stubby tail structure cannot move forward because they appear as though their tails have been broken off. Cells with coiled or ring-shaped tails that develop when the chemical balance of the environment is disrupted swim in spirals around themselves instead of moving toward the target. Cells called round spermatids are immature cell forms that have not yet completed their development and in which the distinction between the head and tail has not fully formed, and they generally do not have fertilizing ability.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Are_Cell_Vitality_and_Immune_Factors_Interpreted_in_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Results\"><\/span>How Are Cell Vitality and Immune Factors Interpreted in Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) Results?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A cell remaining motionless under the microscope does not always mean that it is dead. Sometimes cells may still be alive but have lost their ability to move for various reasons. Special staining techniques are used to distinguish this. Because the outer membranes of dead cells are damaged, they absorb the dye and change color, while living cells keep the dye outside and have a bright appearance. In this way, the overall vitality rate is calculated.<\/p>\n<p>Another important evaluation is whether the body&#8217;s immune system perceives sperm cells as a foreign substance. Tests called antisperm antibodies are used to examine whether immune cells attack sperm. When the immune system mistakenly sees these cells as enemies, it attaches to them, makes them heavier, restricts their movement, and prevents them from interacting with the egg. The presence of these antibodies above a certain rate in the test result suggests that the problem may have an immunological basis.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Which_Advanced_Examinations_May_Be_Required_After_a_Normal_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram\"><\/span>Which Advanced Examinations May Be Required After a Normal Semen Analysis (Spermiogram)?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Sometimes, although all parameters such as count, motility, and morphology appear at very good levels in basic tests, couples may still experience difficulty having children. In such unexplained situations, it may be necessary to examine not only the external appearance of the cell but also its genetic load. Tests used in situations requiring advanced examination are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>TUNEL test<\/li>\n<li>SCSA test<\/li>\n<li>COMET test<\/li>\n<li>SCD test<\/li>\n<li>Oxidative stress analysis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The main purpose of these tests is to determine whether there are breaks, damage, or losses in the DNA strands carried by the cells. If the genetic material of a cell that appears healthy externally is damaged, embryonic development may stop even if it fertilizes the egg, or the pregnancy may end in miscarriage. The greatest factor behind DNA damage is generally oxidative stress, which refers to cellular rusting in the body. Smoking, intense environmental pollution, poor nutrition, infections with high fever, and conditions such as varicocele are among the factors that may contribute to increased intracellular genetic damage.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_Done_When_No_Sperm_Is_Found_in_a_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Known_as_Azoospermia\"><\/span>What Is Done When No Sperm Is Found in a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram), Known as Azoospermia?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The finding of &#8220;zero sperm&#8221; in the laboratory report, medically known as azoospermia, is a major source of concern for many patients. However, when such a result is obtained, it is very important not to become pessimistic at the first stage. Failure to detect cells during standard microscopic examination may not mean that there are truly no cells in the sample. At this point, support is obtained from advanced laboratory methods.<\/p>\n<p>The fluid is rotated at very high speeds in special laboratory devices (centrifugation), allowing heavy substances in the fluid to settle at the bottom of the tube. This procedure is called pellet analysis. The tiny sediment collected at the bottom of the tube is subjected to another highly detailed microscopic scan by specialists. Through this sensitive examination, a small number of hidden cells may be found at the bottom of samples that initially appeared completely empty. Cells found in this way may create an opportunity to be used directly in in vitro fertilization treatments without the need for more difficult surgical procedures.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Is_Varicocele_Treatment_Applied_in_Abnormal_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Parameters\"><\/span>How Is Varicocele Treatment Applied in Abnormal Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) Parameters?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>One of the most common physical conditions encountered in male-related reproductive difficulties is varicocele. Varicocele, which can be summarized as the enlargement of the veins in the scrotum and their inability to drain blood sufficiently, causes increased temperature in the area and accumulation of harmful substances. Over time, this negatively affects the cellular production factory. However, not every case of varicocele requires surgery; the decision to intervene is generally made when the veins become prominent during manual examination and deterioration in sperm parameters begins at the same time.<\/p>\n<p>In cases considered necessary, a delicate surgical method called microscopic subinguinal varicocelectomy may be performed. In this method, enlarged and nonfunctional veins are carefully identified and ligated under very high-magnification microscopes, while healthy arteries and lymphatic vessels are preserved. This procedure has the potential to provide a significant improvement in cellular count and motility values in many patients. Following surgery, the patient&#8217;s avoidance of strenuous physical activities and strict compliance with the physician&#8217;s recommendations support the healing process by allowing the tissues to recover healthily.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Can_Duct_Obstructions_Affecting_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Results_Be_Opened\"><\/span>How Can Duct Obstructions Affecting Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) Results Be Opened?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Even if cellular production continues healthily in the testicles, cells may not be seen in the fluid if there is an obstruction in the pathways through which they exit. In obstructive conditions, the location of the problem is highly important. Sometimes a previous severe infection and sometimes a congenital anatomical difference may cause the ducts to close. Different microsurgical repair options are considered according to the region where the obstruction is located.<\/p>\n<p>In obstructions in the epididymal regions where the ducts join, the obstructed area may be removed and the healthy sections may be reconnected using sutures thinner than a strand of hair and a microscope. If the obstruction is at a point closer to the urinary canal, endoscopic interventions aimed at opening the obstruction by entering through the urinary tract without making any external incision may be planned. Some patients may have cystic structures (spermatoceles) formed by the accumulation of cells around the ducts; in such cases, surgical removal of the cysts may be necessary, but this procedure is performed with great care because the ducts are highly delicate.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"With_Which_Methods_Is_Sperm_Searched_for_in_Cases_of_Nonobstructive_Azoospermia\"><\/span>With Which Methods Is Sperm Searched for in Cases of Nonobstructive Azoospermia?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>When there is no obstruction in the ducts but the testicles, which are the production factories, function inadequately, a different approach is required during treatment. In cases with a production problem, directly entering the tissue to search for cells is generally the primary method followed. However, the patient&#8217;s hormonal status is examined in detail before surgery. If the levels of hormones that stimulate the testicles are insufficient in the blood, tissue revitalization may be supported with medication treatment lasting for months before surgery.<\/p>\n<p>The Micro-TESE procedure performed after hormonal preparation is one of the current methods used in such situations. In the operating room, the testicular tissue is gently opened under a microscope, and enlarged tubules that may potentially produce cells are examined one by one while samples are collected. These small tissue pieces are simultaneously sent to the laboratory for a live-cell search. If no cells are found after the procedure, it is medically necessary to allow the tissue several months to heal before a new attempt so that the tissues can repair themselves and hormonal balance can be restored. Resting after surgery and using supportive underwear help reduce possible swelling.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Which_Supplements_Can_Be_Used_to_Improve_Semen_Analysis_Spermiogram_Values\"><\/span>Which Supplements Can Be Used to Improve Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) Values?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In some cases that do not require a serious surgical intervention but have borderline laboratory results, certain medications and vitamins are used to strengthen cellular structure and support the production process. Some supplements that may be used during the process upon a physician&#8217;s recommendation are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Clomiphene citrate<\/li>\n<li>Tamoxifen citrate<\/li>\n<li>L-carnitine<\/li>\n<li>L-acetyl carnitine<\/li>\n<li>Lycopene<\/li>\n<li>Vitamin C<\/li>\n<li>Vitamin E<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The main purpose of such supplements is to reduce oxidative stress that suppresses cell development and accelerate cellular energy metabolism. Supportive amino acids such as L-carnitine may help increase the motor power of cells, while powerful antioxidants such as lycopene may contribute to protecting cellular structure from external factors. Certain hormone-regulating medications aim to stimulate production by increasing signal traffic between the brain and the testicles. However, it is very important that these supplements not be used randomly, because a vitamin combination that benefits one patient may not work for another. The treatment process must always be carried out through careful analysis of test results and an accurate personalized dosage plan created by a healthcare professional. With patience and proper guidance, many reproductive difficulties can become manageable conditions.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"accordion\">\n\t<div id=\"accordion-802452647\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-802452647-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-what-is-a-semen-analysis-(spermiogram)-and-why-is-it-performed?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-802452647-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>What is a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) and why is it performed?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-802452647-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-802452647-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>A semen analysis (Spermiogram) is a laboratory test that evaluates sperm count, motility, morphology, and other basic characteristics in a semen sample. It is one of the most important examinations used to investigate male infertility and evaluate reproductive health.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-494190310\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-494190310-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-who-is-advised-to-have-a-semen-analysis-(spermiogram)?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-494190310-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>Who is advised to have a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram)?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-494190310-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-494190310-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>A spermiogram may be requested for couples who have not achieved pregnancy despite one year of regular unprotected intercourse, individuals with suspected male infertility, and people with varicocele, hormonal disorders, or previous reproductive system diseases.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-285560757\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-285560757-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-how-is-a-semen-analysis-(spermiogram)-performed?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-285560757-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>How is a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) performed?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-285560757-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-285560757-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>For the test, a semen sample is generally collected into a sterile container through masturbation and delivered to the laboratory within a short time. The sample is examined in terms of sperm count, motility, morphology, volume, pH value, and other laboratory parameters.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-3268024812\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-3268024812-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-what-should-be-considered-before-a-semen-analysis-(spermiogram)?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-3268024812-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>What should be considered before a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram)?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-3268024812-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-3268024812-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>Sexual abstinence for 2-7 days is generally recommended before the test. Since febrile illnesses, alcohol use, certain medications, and intense physical stress may affect the results, it is important to follow the physician&#8217;s recommendations.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-2818563967\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-2818563967-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-which-values-are-evaluated-in-semen-analysis-(spermiogram)-results?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-2818563967-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>Which values are evaluated in Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) results?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-2818563967-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-2818563967-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>Parameters such as sperm count, motility, the proportion of normally shaped sperm, semen volume, pH, vitality, the presence of leukocytes, and liquefaction time are evaluated. The results are interpreted together with World Health Organization criteria and clinical findings.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-1006341221\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-1006341221-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-what-does-it-mean-if-a-semen-analysis-(spermiogram)-result-is-low?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-1006341221-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>What does it mean if a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) result is low?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-1006341221-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-1006341221-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>A low sperm count, motility disorder, or morphological abnormality may affect fertility. However, a single test does not provide a definitive diagnosis. When necessary, the test is repeated, and hormone tests, genetic examinations, or imaging methods may be planned.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-3196409306\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-3196409306-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-is-a-semen-analysis-(spermiogram)-alone-sufficient-to-diagnose-infertility?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-3196409306-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>Is a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) alone sufficient to diagnose infertility?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-3196409306-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-3196409306-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>No. A spermiogram is a fundamental test in the evaluation of male reproductive health, but additional examinations such as physical examination, hormone tests, genetic analyses, and scrotal ultrasonography may be required for a definitive diagnosis.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-650218853\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-650218853-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-can-lifestyle-affect-semen-analysis-(spermiogram)-results?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-650218853-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>Can lifestyle affect Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) results?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-650218853-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-650218853-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>Yes. Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, chronic stress, exposure to high temperatures, irregular sleep, and certain medications may negatively affect sperm quality. Healthy lifestyle habits may support reproductive health.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-1034970303\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-1034970303-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-when-should-a-semen-analysis-(spermiogram)-be-repeated?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-1034970303-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>When should a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram) be repeated?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-1034970303-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-1034970303-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>If an abnormality is detected in the first test or post-treatment evaluation is required, a second spermiogram may be performed several weeks later in accordance with the urologist&#8217;s recommendation. The decision is made according to the patient&#8217;s clinical condition.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-2495163081\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-2495163081-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-which-specialist-should-be-consulted-for-a-semen-analysis-(spermiogram)?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-2495163081-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>Which specialist should be consulted for a Semen Analysis (Spermiogram)?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-2495163081-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-2495163081-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>People who are unable to have children, have concerns about sperm quality, or require evaluation for male infertility are advised to consult a urology (andrology) specialist for semen analysis and treatment planning.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Semen analysis (spermiogram) is the most fundamental laboratory analysis that measures the number of sperm cells in semen, their forward movement ability, and cellular structural quality in order to evaluate the potential to have a baby. This test is performed in specially designed, quiet rooms within a clinical environment where privacy and hygiene are protected [&#8230;]\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3844,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3845","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3845","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3845"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3845\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5122,"href":"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3845\/revisions\/5122"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3844"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3845"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3845"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berkanresorlu.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3845"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}