Urine Culture and Antibiotic Sensitivity Test: Procedure and Results

Urine culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing (culture antibiogram) is a laboratory examination that precisely identifies [...]

Urine Cytology Test: Purpose, Procedure, and Results

Urine cytology is a painless medical diagnostic test in which cells naturally shed from the [...]

Kidney Function Tests: Types, Normal Values, and Results

Kidney function tests are biochemical blood and urine analyses that measure the kidneys’ blood filtration [...]

eGFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate): Normal, Low, and High Levels Explained

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) is the most fundamental kidney function test that indicates the [...]

Electrolyte Blood Test: Purpose, Normal Ranges, and Results

Electrolyte testing is a laboratory analysis that measures the levels of essential minerals required for [...]

PSA Test: What Is It, Normal Levels, and High PSA Causes

PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) is a natural enzyme secreted by the prostate gland in men that [...]

Free PSA Test: What Is It, How Is It Done, and What Are Normal Values?

The free PSA test is a sensitive laboratory examination that measures the amount of prostate-specific [...]

Testosterone: Functions, Normal Levels, and Ways to Increase It

Testosterone is a fundamental steroid hormone synthesized directly from cholesterol in the human body and [...]

Prolactin Test: Normal Levels, Causes of High and Low Prolactin

Prolactin is a critical hormone produced by the pituitary gland located at the base of [...]

Sperm Test (Semen Analysis): Procedure, Normal Values, and Results

Semen analysis (spermiogram) is the most fundamental laboratory analysis that measures the number of sperm [...]

Sperm DNA Fragmentation Test: Procedure, Normal Values, and Results

Sperm DNA Damage (Fragmentation) Test is an advanced laboratory analysis that examines the structural integrity [...]

FSH Test: Normal Levels, High and Low FSH Causes

FSH testing measures the amount of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland in the [...]